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White Papers

In addition to our industry leading Engineering and Technical Support, Oxin Group also offers a series of fiber optic white papers. The white papers were developed to cover a wide variety of topics relating to harsh environment fiber optics for audiences ranging from the novice who wants to understand the basics, to industry professionals who want to stay up-to-date with more advanced topics.
1Fusion
A Fusion Splicer Primer
Fusion splicing is the process of fusing or welding two fibers together usually by an electric arc. Fusion splicing is the most widely used method of splicing as it provides for the lowest loss and least reflectance, as well as providing the strongest and most reliable joint between two fibers.

2Test
Locating Cable Faults
Finding the location of an underground cable fault doesn't have to be like finding a needle in a haystack. There are many locating methods, coupled with new detection technologies, that make this task much easier and less time consuming. However, you should understand that there is no single method or combination of methods that is "best".

Optical Loss Measuring Concepts
The loss budget is the amount of loss that a cable plant should have. It is calculated by adding the average losses of all the components used in the cable plant to get the total estimated end-to-end loss.

Optical Talk Sets
Fiber optic talk sets are an inexpensive solution to meet your needs when testing multimode or single-mode fber optic cables. Designed for voice communication over spare fibers, they provide full duplex, hands-free operation.

Transmission System Overview
There is often some confusion about when to use which type of instrument, since there is often some functional overlap when used by installers. This training note explains their relative merits.

When to use an OTDR or LTS?
There is often some confusion about when to use which type of instrument, since there is often some functional overlap when used by installers. This training note explains their relative merits.

Which loss Measurement wavelengths do I need?
Fiber optic loss testing is usually performed at expected current and future operating wavelengths, since optical loss can vary widely across the range of potential operating wavelengths.
3Connector
Connector Characteristics
Different connectors and termination procedures are used for singlemode and multimode connectors. Choosing a connector type for any installation should consider if the connector is compatible with the systems planned to utilize the fiber optic cable plant.
4Attenuation
Understanding Attenuation
Signals lose strength as they are propagated through the fiber; this is known as beam attenuation. Attenuation is measured in decibels (dB).

Improving Attenuation Measurement Accuracy
As the figure above illustrates, an attenuator can be used to reduce both the output power and the output noise of a signal generator. Note, however, that it is not able to attenuate a signal below the theoretical noise floor (thermal noise) at: -174 dBm/Hz.
5Fundamentals
System Margin & Bit Error Rate
The margin, or the difference between the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the SNR required to maintain a given bit error ratio (BER), is important to the design and operation of optical amplifier transmission systems.

Transmission System Overview
There is often some confusion about when to use which type of instrument, since there is often some functional overlap when used by installers. This training note explains their relative merits.